![]() In addition, HIV-1 controllers have been considered a model to develop new effective immunotherapies and vaccines to prevent or eradicate HIV-1 infection. ![]() However, different innate responses mediated by myeloid cells and NK cells have been detected in HIV-1 controllers. Progressive HIV-1 infection leads to immune dysfunction affecting both the adaptive but also the innate fraction, even in the presence of antiretroviral treatment. Recognition of PAMPs by these PRRs activates a complex network of signaling pathways leading to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and type I and III interferons (IFNs), finally stimulation of other innate cells and modulating the adaptive immune response. Myeloid cells possess multiple pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including Toll-like receptors (TLR), RIG-I-like receptors (RLR), C type lectin receptors (CLR), intracellular DNA and RNA sensors and inflammasome components that are capable of recognizing conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE IN NATURAL HIV-1 CONTROLLERS
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